A mathematical model of a casino game is built to accurately calculate the maximum percentage return to the player. The model also provides hit rates, volatility and confidence intervals.

• The percentage return is the percentage of the collected money the game will return to the players in the long term.

• The hit rate is the average number of games before a win.

• The confidence intervals for the percentage return provide a range in which the percentage return will be (with a certain degree of confidence) after a set number of games.

• Finally, the volatility is a measure of the amount of fluctuation in the prizes.

The probability model takes into account every possible outcome (or path to an outcome) of the game.

Games can have many different features: line wins, scatters, holds and nudges, free spins, gambles, progressive jackpots, other bonus games... see the Slot Design page.

Some of these features require us to calculate the optimal strategy to know what is the best the player can do and, therefore, the minimum house edge.

To model these processes we use either Excel spreadsheets or C++, depending on which is more appropriate in each case.

See our Game Portfolio for a list of games in which we have worked.